From 4ddc0bcecdd172e6fbed0df2e80dfc7663b6ab73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Blaise Thompson <blaise@untzag.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2017 18:51:13 -0600
Subject: structure

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 public.tex | 120 -------------------------------------------------------------
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-% http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/Thesis_Awards/chapter_guidelines.html
-
-\chapter{Public}
-
-\section{Chemical systems}  % ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Chemical systems are complex!  %
-They contain many molecules ($10^{25}$ in a cup of coffee, 1 trillion in each human cell).  %
-These molecules have multiple interaction modes, both internal (intramolecular) and external
-(intermolecular).  %
-The reactivity of the system taken as a whole can be dominated by very rare but very important
-species, \textit{e.g.} catalysts.  %
-
-Despite this complexity, scientists have gotten very good at describing chemical systems through
-representations of dynamic equilibrium.  %
-In such situations, several key parameters emerge:  %
-\begin{itemize}
-  \item concentration
-  \item timescale (rate)
-  \item lengthscale
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{Concentration}
-
-\subsection{Timescale}
-
-% TODO: dynamics in chemical systems: collision time, dephasing, rotation, relaxation, diffusion...
-
-\subsection{Lengthscale}
-
-\section{Analytical chemistry}  % -----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Traditionally, chemists have seen fit to divide themselves into four specializations: analytical,
-inorganic, organic, and physical.  %
-In recent years, materials chemistry and chemical biology have become specializations in their own
-right.  %
-This dissertation focuses on analytical chemistry.  %
-
-Analytical chemists separate, identify, and quantify chemical systems.  %
-To do this, we build instruments that exploit physical properties of the chemical components:  %
-\begin{itemize}
-  \item separation science (chromatography, electrophoresis)
-  \item mass spectrometry
-  \item electrochemistry
-  \item microscopy
-  \item spectroscopy
-\end{itemize}
-Spectroscopy is a family of strategies that exploit the interaction of chemical systems with
-light.  %
-
-\section{Spectroscopy}  % -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Molecules respond to electric fields.  %
-Static electric fields cause charged molecules (ions) to move, as in electrophoresis and mass
-spectrometry.  %
-Oscillating electric fields, also known as light, can interact directly with the molecules
-themselves, driving transitions.  %
-However, these transitions can only be driven with the appropriate frequency of light
-(resonance).  %
-Different frequencies (colors) of light interact with different kinds of transitions, revealing
-different features of the molecule of interest.  %
-
-% TODO: different energy ranges / transition types (nuclear, rotational, vibrational, electronic)
-
-% TODO: how is a photon created or absorbed?
-
-\subsection{Nonlinear spectroscopy}
-
-Spectroscopy is fantastic, but sometimes simple experiments don't reveal everything.  %
-Nonlinear spectroscopy uses multiple electric fields simultaniously, revealing even more
-information about the chemical system.  %
-
-% TODO: simple graphic of homogeneous vs inhomogeneous broadening
-
-% TODO: 2D freq-freq with increasing inhomogeneity (from Dan's theory work)
-
-\section{Instrumentation}  % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-To accomplish nonlinear spectroscopy, specialized light sources are needed:  %
-\begin{itemize}
-  \item gigantic electric fields
-  \item ultrafast time resoution
-  \item tunable frequencies
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{LASER}
-
-These sources are made using Light Amplified by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER).  %
-
-% TODO: discussion of the original LASER, basic LASER physics
-
-% TODO: discuss temporal coherence
-
-% TODO: discuss pulsed sources
-
-By keeping a wide range ofr colors in phase simulatniously, we are able to create truly ultrafast
-pulses of light.  %
-The work presented in this dissertation was primarily taken using a 35 fs 1 KHz system.  %
-
-35 fs ($35\times10^{15}$ second) pulses are incredibly short:
-\begin{equation}
-  \frac{\text{pulse duration (35 fs)}}{\text{time between pulses (1 ms)}} \approx
-  \frac{\text{5.75 months}}{\text{age of universe (13.7 billion years)}}  % TODO: cite age
-\end{equation}
-proportionally, our sample spends 6 months in the ``sun'' for every age of the unverse in the
-dark.  %
-
-Because all of the energy within the pulse is compressed to such a short period of time, these
-pulses are also incredibly powerful:
-\begin{equation}
-  \frac{\text{energy per pulse (4 mJ)}}{\text{pulse duration (35 fs)}} \approx
-  \frac{\text{US electricity generation} (5.43\times10^{11} W)}{5}  % TODO: cite generation
-\end{equation}
-this laser outputs electric fields one fifth as powerful as total US electricity generation (2016).
-
-% TODO: pulses are very thin (draw circle, use thickness of paper) to motivate 'hard to handle'
-
-\subsection{OPA}
-
-% https://osf.io/vwhjk/
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
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